What Part Of The Brain Does Parkinson's Disease Affect – Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurological (nervous system) disease that affects how you move. It is a progressive disease, which means it gets worse over time. There are treatments for PD, but there is no cure.
PD can affect things other than your muscles. It can cause constipation, problems urinating, depression, sleep problems, and cognitive problems, among other symptoms. These are known as non-motor symptoms.
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What Part Of The Brain Does Parkinson's Disease Affect
PD is caused by the destruction of nerve cells (neurons) in an area of ​​the brain called the substantia nigra. These neurons produce a chemical called dopamine, which they use to communicate with other neurons in the brain.
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As these dopamine-producing neurons die, they are not replaced. As a result, less and less dopamine is released to send messages. Doctors don’t yet know what causes dopamine-producing neurons to die in PD, although it’s being studied.
Dopamine, released from these neurons in the substantia nigra, is very important in an area of ​​the brain called the basal ganglia. The basal ganglia help regulate body movements. When the basal ganglia receives less dopamine, it suppresses or inhibits the areas of the brain that stimulate body movement. This explains many of the motor symptoms of PD.
Norepinephrine (NE) is another chemical produced by the brain. In PD, the neurons that produce this chemical are also destroyed. NE is important for our sympathetic nervous system, which regulates our fight-or-flight response.
This can cause some of the other non-motor symptoms of PD, such as constipation, difficulty urinating, and problems regulating heart rate or blood pressure.
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As PD progresses, you may experience a variety of symptoms. PD is a little different for everyone, but people often progress in similar ways. Doctors have divided PD into 5 stages based on symptoms:
Determining Braak’s arrest is another way to understand how PD progresses based on brain pathology. However, this is a theory. There is evidence that PD may work this way, but this has not been confirmed.
The idea behind this stage is that different PD symptoms occur when different areas of the brain are affected. Each phase is associated with a different area of ​​the brain. They look a little different than the clinical stages:
There is some evidence to support these stages. However, not every person living with PD follows Braak’s staging model. Scientists are still investigating this theory.
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If you think you or someone close to you has PD, or if you have questions about PD, talk to your doctor. The substantia nigra is a brain structure that is part of your basal ganglia. Although this structure is very small, it is very important in how your brain controls your body movements. It also plays an important role in chemical signaling in your brain, which affects learning, mood, reasoning, decision-making, and other processes.
There is one substantia nigra on each side of your brain. This tiny structure helps control functions and connections between different areas of the brain.
The substantia nigra (SN) is the part of your brain that helps control your movements. It’s part of the basal ganglia, a group of structures that make up connections and circuits in your brain. The substantia nigra is important because of its role in your movements and how it affects your brain chemistry.
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The substantia nigra (sub-stan-chee-uh ny-grah) is the part of your basal ganglia that forms connections with different parts of your brain. It produces dopamine, which controls movement and muscle tone.
The substantia nigra has two distinct parts and both have different roles and relationships. The two sections are:
The SN is located in your midbrain. As the name suggests, this part of your brain is in the center of your brain. Located just above your brain stem, it leads down to where your skull meets your neck and connects to your spinal cord.
Although the term substantia nigra refers to only one of these structures, you actually have two. They are on either side of your midbrain, and each has a pars reticulata and a pars compacta. The plural name is “substantiae nigrae”.
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Although it is part of your basal ganglia, the SN is not a ganglion (“ganglion” means more than one ganglion). It is a nucleus, a type of nervous system structure made up of cells that have the same job or connections.
Substantia nigra gets its name from Latin and means “black substance”. This is because most of your brain is a lighter shade of reddish grey, the substantia nigra is much darker and looks like a band of black tissue surrounded by much lighter tissue. This is because the brain cells here also contain melanin. It’s a chemical in your skin cells that causes them to darken from exposure to the sun, causing your skin to tan.
Neurons are cells that send and transmit signals throughout your nervous system using both electrical and chemical signals. Each neuron consists of:
Neuron connections are incredibly complex, and dendrites on one neuron can connect to thousands of other synapses. Some neurons are longer or shorter depending on where they are in your body and what they do.
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Glial (pronounced glee-uhl) cells have many different purposes, helping to develop and maintain neurons when you’re young and controlling how neurons work throughout your life. They also protect your nervous system from infections, control the chemical balance in the nervous system, and create an elin coating on the axons of neurons. Your nervous system has 10 times more glial cells than neurons.
The symptoms that can occur with conditions affecting the basal ganglia vary greatly depending on the type of condition.
Several tests can help diagnose conditions affecting the brain, including the substantia nigra. The most common tests used for this are:
A variety of conditions can affect the substantia nigra, and there is an even greater selection of treatments for those conditions. The available treatments depend greatly on the condition. In some cases, these conditions can be treated with medication, while others may require surgery. Some of these conditions can also be cured in some cases, but others may resist treatment. When the condition cannot be cured, treating the symptoms is usually the best option.
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Many conditions that affect your brain, including the substantia nigra, can be prevented or at least delayed. You can’t prevent other diseases like Parkinson’s because they happen unpredictably. Some of the most important things you can do are:
The substantia nigra is a small part of your brain, but it does an essential job. Although experts still have a lot to learn about it, we already know a lot. It’s a key part of your brain’s electrical and chemical signaling systems and helps coordinate your movements, vision, and more. As technology and medical research advances, we will continue to understand more about its inner workings and how to treat diseases that affect it. Open Access Policy Guidelines for Institutional Open Access Program Special Issues Research Editorial Process and Publishing Ethics Article Processing Awards Awards Feedback
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Received: 2020 August 25 / Revised: 2020 September 15 / Accepted: 2020 September 21 / Published: 2020 September 24
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Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by loss of dopaminergic neurons leading to bradykinesia, rigidity, tremor at rest and postural instability, as well as non-motor symptoms such as olfactory impairment, pain, autonomic dysfunction, sleep disturbance, fatigue and behavioral changes. The pathogenesis of PD is believed to involve oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, alterations in α-synuclein protein, and neuroinflammatory processes. There is currently no treatment for this disease. Polyphenols are plant secondary metabolites that have been useful in several experimental models of PD. Suction
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