How Does Smoking Affect Bones – Smoking can directly and indirectly affect bone density, which can ultimately impact your ability to move around safely.
Smoking affects your health in many ways and can lead to a variety of conditions such as heart disease, stroke, respiratory disease, lung cancer, and more. But did you realize that smoking can also damage your bones? This is because smoking affects every tissue in the human body. Smoking can directly and indirectly affect bone density, which can ultimately impact your ability to move around safely. It increases the risk of developing osteoporosis and bone fractures and delays the healing of fractures.
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How Does Smoking Affect Bones
Smoking increases the risk of developing osteoporosis because it weakens the bones. Smoking reduces blood flow to the bones and also reduces the body’s ability to absorb calcium, which is necessary for strong bones. Estrogen, a hormone that helps protect bones, accelerates the rate of bone breakdown. In addition, the production of bone-forming cells (osteoblasts) is lower.
Alcohol And Osteoporosis: How Does Drinking Affect Your Bone Health?
Smoking can also affect the musculoskeletal system, increasing the risk of disease and injury. Smokers are at greater risk of shoulder damage, overuse injuries, contusions, sprains and rheumatoid arthritis than non-smokers.
Smoking can also affect the healing of wounds such as fractures. Fractures take longer to heal because the nicotine in cigarettes disrupts the function of bone-forming cells. Nicotine slows down the production of bone-forming cells that are important for healing. It also causes postoperative complications due to reduced blood flow to the tissues.
People who smoke are more susceptible to diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis. In addition, it may worsen the symptoms of osteoarthritis and cause severe pain and joint damage. It also reduces the effect of drugs used to treat rheumatoid arthritis.
Another side effect of smoking is lower back pain. This may happen due to reduced blood and nutrient flow to the spinal disc. People who smoke are at risk of chronic back pain.
Osteoporosis Prevention: Exercise, Diet, Supplements, Medication
To improve bone health, you should maintain a healthy diet and eat foods rich in calcium and vitamin D.
You should avoid a sedentary lifestyle and engage in physical activity such as exercise and sports. However, if you suffer from osteoporosis, you should consult your doctor about an exercise plan.
Alcohol can prevent the body from absorbing calcium, which can lead to bone loss. Additionally, eating too much can increase your risk of falling and breaking bones due to imbalance.
By quitting smoking, you can reduce your risk of many health problems. It can help keep your body functioning healthily and efficiently. Broken bones can be difficult to repair and can take a very long time for smokers.
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Learn About Tobacco
Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Agostino Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy
Received: May 18, 2021 / Revised: June 15, 2021 / Accepted: June 16, 2021 / Published: June 21, 2021
Cigarette smoking has a negative impact on the skeletal system, reducing bone mass and increasing the risk of fractures by directly or indirectly affecting bone remodeling. Recent evidence shows that smoking causes an imbalance in bone turnover, making bones susceptible to osteoporosis and fractures. Additionally, cigarette smoking is known to have an adverse effect on fracture healing, with a positive correlation between the number of cigarettes smoked per day and years of exposure, although the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Smoking is also known to cause various medical/surgical complications due to longer hospital stays and therefore increased resource consumption. Therefore, it is strongly recommended to stop smoking to prevent the onset of metabolic bone disease. But even if it is stopped, some of the effects are likely to last for decades. Based on these data, the aim of our review was to assess the impact of smoking on the skeletal system, especially in the case of bone fractures, and to identify the pathophysiological mechanisms responsible for impaired fracture healing. Because smoking is a major public health problem, understanding the relationship between cigarette smoking and bone disease is necessary to identify new targets for intervention.
Why Might Smoking And Drinking Alcohol Raise The Risk Of Osteoporosis?
It is known that tobacco smoking has a negative impact on most systems of the human body and is one of the main risk factors for non-communicable diseases, causing approximately 6 million deaths per year [1, 2, 3, 4]. Moreover, despite the annual decline in tobacco prevalence, the number of smokers has increased due to population growth [5].
In recent years, extensive research has been conducted on the relationship between smoking and rheumatoid arthritis, periodontitis, osteoporosis and fragile fractures, confirming the existence of a causal relationship between smoking and rheumatoid arthritis, periodontitis, osteoporosis and fragile fractures. This relationship is related to the impact of smoking on the imbalance in the skeletal system, resulting in increased bone fragility [7, 8]. Moreover, numerous studies have shown how long-term smoking is associated with decreased muscle functionality and sarcopenia [9, 10].
Based on this evidence, in this review we assessed recently published literature and summarized the scientific evidence regarding the effects of smoking on the skeleton, aiming to analyze the accumulated knowledge on the underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms.
Cigarette smoking is known to have a detrimental effect on bone integrity, as a positive correlation has been shown between the number of cigarettes smoked and years of exposure [11, 12]. To date, it has not been determined which of the various toxic compounds found in cigarette smoking are responsible for the negative effects of smoking on bone metabolism. However, several researchers attribute such undesirable effects to nicotine, one of the main components of the particle phase of tobacco smoke [13].
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Cigarette smoking is also considered one of the major risk factors for the development of metabolic bone diseases (such as osteoporosis, Paget’s disease, osteomalacia, and diabetic osteopathy), which impair bone remodeling for many reasons, including altered bone formation by osteoblasts, increased . bone degradation by osteoclasts, or a
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