How Does Hiv Aids Affect The Immune System

How Does Hiv Aids Affect The Immune System – Medically reviewed by Cameron White, M.D., MPH — By Ann Pietrangelo and Kristeen Cherney — updated June 30, 2023

HIV destroys CD4 cells, which are responsible for keeping people healthy and protecting them from disease and infection. As HIV gradually weakens the body’s natural defenses, signs and symptoms may occur.

How Does Hiv Aids Affect The Immune System

HIV targets the type of cells that would normally fight an invader like HIV. As the virus multiplies, it damages or destroys the infected CD4 cell and produces more virus to infect more CD4 cells. CD4 cells are also called T cells or helper cells.

How Is Hiv Transmitted?

Without treatment, this cycle can continue until the immune system is severely compromised, putting a person at risk for serious illness and infection.

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is the final stage of HIV. At this stage the immune system is severely weakened and the risk of opportunistic infections is greater.

However, not everyone with HIV will develop AIDS. The sooner someone is treated, the better the outcome will be.

The immune system prevents the body from contracting diseases and infections that come its way. White blood cells defend the body against viruses, bacteria and other organisms that can make someone sick.

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A few days after being exposed to the virus, a person with HIV may develop a flu-like illness that lasts for several weeks. This is related to the first phase of HIV, the acute infection phase or acute HIV.

An HIV-positive person may not have many serious symptoms at this stage, but there is usually a large amount of virus in their blood because the virus is multiplying rapidly.

The next phase is called the chronic infection phase. It can last 10 to 15 years. An HIV-positive person may or may not show signs or symptoms during this phase.

Kaposi’s sarcoma, another possible complication, is cancer of the blood vessel walls. It is rare in the general population but is more common in people with advanced HIV.

Aim: How Does Hiv Cause Someone To Get Sick?

Symptoms include red or dark red sores on the mouth and skin. It can also cause problems in the lungs, digestive tract and other internal organs.

HIV and AIDS also put a person at greater risk of developing lymphoma. An early sign of lymphoma is swollen lymph nodes.

HIV makes it difficult to fight respiratory problems like colds and flu. In turn, an HIV-positive person may develop associated infections, such as pneumonia.

Without treatment for HIV, advanced disease puts a person with HIV at even greater risk for infectious complications, such as tuberculosis and a fungal infection called pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia (PJP).

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The risk of lung cancer also increases with HIV. This is due to weakened lungs in many respiratory problems associated with a weakened immune system.

People with HIV are more likely to develop high blood pressure. HIV also increases the risk of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). PAH is a form of high blood pressure in the arteries that supply blood to the lungs. Over time, PAH wears down the heart and can lead to heart failure.

TB is an airborne bacteria that attacks the lungs. It is a leading cause of death in people with AIDS. Symptoms include chest pain and a heavy cough that may contain blood or mucus. The cough can last for months.

Because HIV affects the immune system, it also makes the body more susceptible to infections that can affect the digestive system.

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Problems with the digestive tract can also reduce appetite and make it difficult to eat properly. As a result, weight loss is a common side effect of HIV.

A common HIV-related infection is thrush, a fungal infection that causes inflammation and white spots on the tongue and in the mouth.

Another viral infection that affects the mouth is oral leukoplakia, which causes white lesions on the tongue.

Salmonella infection is transmitted through contaminated food or water and causes diarrhea, abdominal pain and vomiting. Anyone can find it

Identification Of Hiv Reservoir Cells With Reduced Susceptibility To Antibody Dependent Immune Response

This infection affects the bile ducts and intestines and can be extremely serious. It can cause chronic diarrhea in people with AIDS.

Although HIV generally does not directly infect nerve cells, it does infect cells that support and surround nerves in the brain and throughout the body.

Although the link between HIV and neurological damage is not fully understood, it is possible that infected supporting cells contribute to nerve damage.

Advanced HIV can cause nerve damage, also called neuropathy. This usually leads to pain and numbness in the feet and hands.

Symptoms And Stages Of Hiv Infection

Small holes in the conductive sheath of peripheral nerve fibers can cause pain, weakness, and difficulty walking. This condition is known as vacuolar myelopathy.

There are significant neurological complications with AIDS. HIV and AIDS can cause HIV-associated dementia, a condition that severely affects cognitive function.

Due to a weakened immune system, people with AIDS are at increased risk of inflammation of the brain and spinal cord as a result of this parasite. Symptoms include confusion, headaches and seizures. Seizures can also cause some nervous system infections.

In very advanced cases, hallucinations and frank psychosis may occur. Some people may also experience headaches, balance or coordination problems, and vision problems.

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A weakened immune response makes a person more vulnerable to viruses such as herpes. Herpes can cause people to develop sores in the mouth or genitals.

HIV also increases the risk of shingles. Reactivation of herpes zoster, the virus that causes chickenpox, causes shingles. The condition causes a painful rash, often with blisters.

A viral skin infection called molluscum contagiosum involves an outbreak of bumps on the skin. Another condition, called prurigo nodularis, causes crusty bumps on the skin and severe itching.

HIV can cause a range of symptoms, from mild flu-like symptoms in the early stages to neurological symptoms as the condition progresses to AIDS.

The Effects Of Hiv On The Body: Immune System And More

Many of the effects described above are related to the fact that the immune system continues to be compromised by the progression of HIV and AIDS.

However, many of these effects can be avoided with antiretroviral treatment, which can preserve and restore the immune system.

A health care professional may recommend additional treatments, such as blood pressure medications or skin creams, to address the effects of HIV and AIDS on other body systems.

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Hiv/aids: Just The Facts

Our experts continuously monitor the health and wellness world and we update our articles as new information becomes available.

A major barrier to HIV cure is a long-lived population of cells that contain latent but replication-competent virus, are not eliminated by antiretroviral therapy (ART), and are indistinguishable from uninfected cells. However, ART does not cure HIV infections, treatment side effects still occur, and the steady global rate of new infections makes achieving durable HIV remission without ART or a cure urgently necessary for HIV-seropositive people. Targeted approaches to curing HIV are primarily based on ‘shock and kill’ methods that use a drug compound to reactivate a dormant virus and on strategies to boost or supplement the existing immune system to fight reactivated infected cells to delete. Traditionally, these strategies have used CD8+ cytotoxic lymphocytes (CTL), but have encountered a number of challenges. Enhancing innate immune cell populations, such as γδ T cells, may provide an alternative route for HIV cure. γδ T cells possess antiviral and cytotoxic properties that have been shown to directly inhibit HIV infection and specifically eliminate reactivated, infected cells in vitro. Notably, their access to immune-privileged anatomical locations and MHC-independent antigen recognition may circumvent many of the challenges faced by CTL-based strategies. In this review, we discuss the role of γδ T cells in normal immunity and HIV infection, as well as their current use in cancer treatment strategies. We present this information as a means to speculate on the use of γδ T cells for HIV curative strategies and to highlight some of the gaps in knowledge that require investigation.

The road to developing a complete cure for HIV is littered with holes and dead ends. Clearing cellular and anatomical reservoirs presents a unique set of challenges. Latent virus can evade immune responses by integrating into the host genome by resting CD4+ T cells and entering a dormant state. Despite cessation of production of new virions, viral persistence is maintained by clonal expansion of HIV-infected cells ( Chomont et al., 2009 ; Lee et al., 2020 ). Other barriers include immune-privileged or difficult-to-reach sites such as the central nervous system, intestines, or secondary lymphoid organs where the virus may persist in the presence of antiretroviral therapy (ART) (Barton et al., 2016; Bronnimann et al. al., 2018; Denton et al., 2019; McManus et al., 2019). To date, HIV cure has only been achieved in two HIV-seropositive individuals who had acute myeloid leukemia or Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Both people

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